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Original
Description |
Linnaeus
1758 : 194 |
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Synonyms |
Cinosternoidea
(original name) |
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Common
names |
turtles, tortoises
and terrapins |
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Distribution |
Marine species
in all temperate and tropical oceans of the world; terrestrial/freshwater
species on all continents except Greenland, Antarctica and New Zealand. |
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Comments |
Bour
and Dubois 1984c believed that the proper name of the order shold
be Chelonii Brogniart 1800 : 80; however, Smith
and Smith 1979 and Dundee 1990 : 403 argued in
favor of the order name Testudines. Gaffney 1975b
studied the phylogeny of the order and generated a new higher classification;
he recognized two Infraorders: Pleurodira Cope
1864 : 181; as Pleurodera, including the families Chelidae and
Pelomedusidae, and Crytodira Cope 1868a : 119, including all
other families. Mlynarski 1976 reviewed the fossil
forms and their classification. Bickham and Baker 1976a
and Bickham and Carr 1983 presented a phylogeny based
on karyotypes (see below). Wermuth and Mertens 1977
presented synonymies for most of the living species. Pritchard 1979
summarized available information on living turtle identification and
some aspects of their biology. Pritchard (in Harless and
Morlock 1979) reviewed the zoogeography of the higher taxa. Chen
et al. 1980 presented a phylogeny of most families based on plasma
albumin differences. Smith and Smith 1979 summarized
the taxonomic history of the order, as well as reviewed all Mexican
taxa. Cogger et al. 1983 reviewed the literature on
all living Australian species. Gaffney 1984 reviewed
the history of higher classification of turtles. Pritchard
and Trebbau 1979 reviewed all living taxa found in Venezuela.
Indian species are reviewed by Tikader and Sharma 1985
and Das 1991. In a general review of turtles, Obst
(1985 in German, 1986 in English) provided a list
of all species and subspecies. Iverson 1986b reviewed
the distributions of all living species. Mao et al. 1987
studied the phylogenetic relationships of several families based on
immunological cross-reactivity of serum albumins. South African species
are reviewed by Boycott and Bourquin 1988. Gaffney
and Meylan 1988 published a phylogeny of all genera (see below);
however, Dryden 1989 questioned the monophyly of the
sea turtles (Chelonioidea = Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae) as well
as the Cryptodira. Yin et al. 1989 compared the chemical
and physical properties of blood albumens in six families of turtles.
King and Burke 1989 listed nearly all species. Ernst
and Barbour 1989 summarized much of the available information
on the biology of most species. Gaffney et al. 1991
provided a phylogenetic analysis of living and extinct turtle higher
taxa. |
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